October 26, 2017 Page 7
Looking Up
A New Era of Astronomy Begins with First Observation of Neutron Star Merger
Based on Press Release from
The Carnegie Institution for Science,
Provided by Bob Eklund
On August 17, a team of four Carnegie
Institution for Science astronomers provided
the first-ever glimpse of two neutron stars
colliding, opening the door to a new era of
astronomy.
Along with colleagues from UC Santa
Cruz, the team used the Swope telescope
at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile to
discover the light produced by the merger,
pinpointing the origin of a gravitational wave
signal less than 11 hours after it was detected.
They also obtained the earliest spectra of the
collision, which may allow them to explain
how many of the universe’s heavy elements
were created—a decades-old question for
astrophysicists.
Their discovery, named Swope Supernova
Survey 2017a (or SSS17a), is published in
a quartet of Science papers [http://science.
sciencemag.org].
Neutron stars are the incredibly dense remnants
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left behind after supernova explosions.
Theoretical astrophysicists have speculated
for years about what happens when two of
them merge, but until now the phenomenon
had never been witnessed. “They are as
close as you can get to a black hole without
actually being a black hole,” explained
Carnegie’s Tony Piro, the Carnegie team’s
leader. “Just one teaspoon of a neutron star
weighs as much as all the people on Earth
combined,” he added.
Carnegie’s scientists were alerted to the
event by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational
Wave Observatory (LIGO), which detects
gravitational waves, ripples in space-time,
caused by distant cosmic events. In February
of last year, the LIGO project announced the
first detection of gravitational waves caused
by two black holes merging—a discovery
that was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics
earlier this month.
While the LIGO black hole discovery
marked an important milestone, black hole
mergers do not emit light and are therefore
invisible to telescopes. Neutron star mergers,
however, have long been expected to
produce both light and gravitational waves,
so the detection of these events was eagerly
anticipated.
“The ability to study the same event
with both gravitational waves and light is
a real revolution in astronomy,” Piro said.
“We can now study the universe with two
completely different probes, which teach us
things we could never know with only one
or the other.”
On August 17, LIGO sent alerts for a
gravitational wave detection from colliding
neutron stars to observatories around the
world, firing a “starter’s pistol” in the race
to spot the source of the space-time ripples.
Working with David Coulter, Charles Kilpatrick,
and Ryan Foley of UC Santa Cruz,
the team began combing the sky at nightfall
for evidence of a never-before-seen collision
of neutron stars. “We knew we only had
about an hour at the beginning of the night
to find the source before it set,” explained
Carnegie-Dunlap Fellow Maria Drout, who
helped guide the discovery, “So we had to
act fast.”
Despite many large teams across the world
working feverishly to find the event, it was the
Carnegie and UC Santa Cruz astronomers—
a small, young group of researchers—who
made the first discovery of SSS17a. “We
saw a bright blue source of light in a nearby
galaxy—the first time the glowing debris
from a neutron star merger had ever been
observed,” recalled Josh Simon, another of
the Carnegie team’s leaders on this discovery.
“It was definitely a thrilling moment.”
Because they were the first to find the
event, Simon and Carnegie-Hubble Fellow
Ben Shappee had time for additional observations.
They quickly set up spectrographs at
the observatory’s two Magellan telescopes to
obtain several spectra of the merger. No other
observatories in the world made comparable
observations during Neutron merger. Courtesy of Carnegie Science. that first night. •
“Space exploration is a force of nature unto itself that no other force in society can rival.”
– Neil deGrasse Tyson